![]() Psychological sex differences: Origins through sexual selection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38(2), 217–230.īuss, D. Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex typing. A reevaluation of gender label effects: Expectant mothers’ responses to infants. We close the chapter by considering possible future directions for innovative theoretical and empirical work on gender identities in the twenty-first century. Biological, psychological, and sociocultural approaches to understanding gender identities are by no means mutually exclusive and we discuss the critical importance of engaging in multi- and interdisciplinary empirical and theoretical dialogues. Some theories within this approach aim to deconstruct gender, gender identities, and provoke greater consideration of gender fluidity in cultures across the globe. ![]() Sociocultural approaches concentrate on the construction of gender and gender identities, how they are experienced and enacted, and their intersections with social institutions and culture. Psychological approaches examine evolutionary foundations for gender-linked characteristics, sensitive periods across the lifecourse, and gender schemata. Within the biological sciences, there is a focus on genetics, hormones, and physiology to determine gender identity. For the purposes of this chapter we focus on biological, psychological, and sociocultural approaches to gender identities, across which exists considerable overlap. In the following reading, we provide an overview of prevailing approaches to the study of gender identities across multiple disciplines. ![]()
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